نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 49 (زمستان 1400)

Bahram Beizai, the author of the best plays, is a prominent figure in Persian prose and a theater and cinema director who is fascinated by Iranian culture and civilization. His plays are of great importance because of the many adaptations he has made of such ancient treasures. It can be said that Beizai is a kind of continuation of Ferdowsi's way in re-reading and recreating history, myths and epics, and he has inspired his plays from ancient sources both in the form of plays and screenplays. This article tries to categorize the main roots of the play with Beizai with a "reading-oriented" critique method in a descriptive-analytical method, in order to conclude with a favorable summary of the author's play sources and the author's specific processing and approach in dealing with this root. Ha come to action. The result shows that Bahram Beizai does not deal with a specific period of history, but in his works various historical adaptations such as mythical history, epic, Ashura, history of Iran before and after Islam can be seen. In most of these readings, he has tied his works to contemporary currents and ideas.

Myth is one of the darkest and most unknown sciences that human beings have not yet fully understood; The origin of the myth is unknown and hidden. Myth is the result of the efforts and endeavors, aspirations and aspirations of the human race and, in fact, of our ancestors, who, over the years, reveal themselves to us in the form of dreams and mysteries in a mysterious way. Psychology, conditioan ; Archetype (archetype) is the most important term in the school of psychiatry of the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustavyung ( - ), and includes ancient images and instinctual thoughts of the human brain. There is a method of dealing with symbols and characters - two prominent narrative elements - in the spiritual Masnavi, inspired by Rumi's beliefs about human beings. Learn from Jung's archetypal concept of "self". In this regard, the psychological concepts of the story of the "Romans and Chinese" in relation to the theory, the collective unconscious and the archetype of Jung's self and Jung's psychological complexes have been analyzed. Collective beliefs and archetypes can be well explained and interpreted

In present paper we have studied the subject of the position, nature and function of "Nurullah" (the light of God / ہ نور (in Sufi insight and intuition in Rumi's Mathnawi and other important Sufi texts with a descriptiveanalytical method and a structural study approach. At first, we have studied with structural approach elements of "Hadith of Believer's insight" which is one of the key hadiths in understanding Sufi insight and intuition, then we have examined the importance of elements such as "Nurullah" and "looking at Nurullah" in the analysis and explanation of nature based on the vision and insight, intuition and Sufi knowledge. The research findings show that the focal and fundamental element of Nurullah in Sufi insight and intuition in Mathnawi and Sufi works is so central that without it, it is practically impossible to analyze the nature of Sufi knowledge. According to the findings of the present study, we have presented the following structural pattern to explain the epistemology of insight and the nature of Sufi knowledge: Nurullah‎↔‎Theophany‎on‎Sufi‎heart↔‎Sufi‎Intuition↔‎Sufi‎Knowledge.

This study investigated the relationship between Persian speakers' language identity and using it as L or L and applying its technical and rhetorical criteria in Telegram writings. The language identity of university students, randomly sampled, was measured using Rezaei, Khatib, and Baleghizadeh's ( ) questionnaire and they were divided into Persian L and L groups. Next, each group was subdivided into high and low language identity subgroups. Their Telegram chats were analyzed based on the technical criteria (comma, full stop, question mark) and rhetorical criteria (word order and use of appropriate expressions). The results showed that language identity predicted applying the technical criteria of spelling and comma in both L and L groups, but it was only predicted applying full stop criteria in the L group. It was not related to applying question mark criteria in either (L or L ) group. It predicted applying the criteria of appropriate expressions and accurate word order in both L and L groups. Language affiliation proved more effective than language identity in applying the criteria of comma, question mark, appropriate expressions, and word order, while it only caused a significant difference between high-identity L and L subgroups in applying comma criteria.

Realism emerged as a literary school in the nineteenth century following philosophical, scientific, and socio-political developments; But attention to reality is unprecedented in the West and in ancient Persian literature. The manifestation of bitter social realities in contemporary literature became a tool for the rise of constitutionalism. From the post-constitutional period, we are confronted with realist views along with socialist tendencies. These tendencies intensified with the resignation of Reza Shah from power. Prominent contemporary poet Fereydoun Tolly began his literary and artistic career from this period. He was able to connect the poetics of traditional and free poetry. His decisive and influential presence in the new lyrical and romantic poetry caused the other aspect of his poetry, which is realism, to disappear. The present study deals with this part of his poems by descriptiveanalytical method. Research achievements show; Tolley, who in the first period of poetry was the voice of his time and followed the unrelenting struggle against colonialism, tyranny and hegemony of colonialism with the approach of social realism with enthusiasm and appeal to humor, followed the bitterness of the defeat of the national movement in . And from now on, the realist expressions in his poetry were limited to the traditional way, both descriptive and protest. In his last two books, however, he protested realism became more pronounced.

One of the most important researches into the history of literature and literary topics in the world is the research on "Love and Passion" which no literature has been devoid of it whether virtual or real Love. Two Arab and kurd poets Ibn al-Fariz(Soltan al-Asheqin) and Molaye Jaziri(Sotan al-Moshtaqin) were the superlatives of their centuries in love contents meanwhile their names in mysticism comes along Sheikh-e- Eshraq Suhrawadi , Ibn-e-Arabi, Sadr-alDin Qoonawi , Mowlawi Balkhi and Mowlana Khaled Sharazuri and their verses and proses have been taught in Sufi circles. These two mystic poets verses are brimful of theoretical mysticism concepts and expressions like unity , mortality , eternity , ecstasy fargh ,poverty, Love , passion and tens of other expressions which have been expanded and developed with ballades and sonnets in allegory and poetic interpretations with a specific ability. These Two mystic poets have so many similarities specially in love and passion fields like burning of love, chivalric lovers , separation calamity ,beloved grace description , theophany and so on which shows wherever the principles and doctrines of mysticism appear , they resemble in content.In this essay its been tried to compare and investigate the poems of these two distinguished Arab and Kurd poets of the history of Literature.

In this article, analytical methods are studied in the Yazd Ashura poems to determine the success rate of the poets of this region in cultivating educational themes in the Ashura culture. The Yazd Ashura poets have used the two categories of religion, educational literature and literary techniques to address the ideological goals of the tragic epic of Ashura. By combining epic and mysticism and giving a taste of educational literature to the poems of Ashura, they have explained the virtues and vices such as: "morality, observance of literature, jealousy, loyalty. in the school of Ashura. But the special masterpiece of the educational dimension of Ashura poems is that the poet, by expressing sorrow over the calamities of Karbala in the horizontal axis of the poem, teaches the educational themes in both axiological and anthropological categories in the vertical axis of the poem. The purpose of this study is to study the characteristics and components of the ideas of educational themes in Ashura poems, which, based on modeling the Ashura event, citing the Qur'an and hadiths, creativity in the moment and the brevity of the function of educational literature in Ashura poems. The results of the research show the combination of educational teachings in the framework of Ashura philosophy in order to institutionalize Islamic ethics and human values with an epic spirit, which leads to changes in the values and norms of society. Also, the combination of educational and epic themes in Ashura poems establishes a kind of language and like-mindedness between Ashura education and philosophy.

The reason has always been one of the most significant and controversial subjects among philosophers, scientists, mystics, and poets. The reason has been defined in many different ways because of its multiple concept and dissimilar meanings among different cultures, nations, and races. As the main means of cultural development in the past, philosophical debates on reason have been flourished in poetry, as well as many other challenges. This research, which is conducted based on analytical-descriptive method and library sources, aims to study the concept of reason and the realm of intellect in general, in the poems of Abu al-'Ala al-Ma'ari, the famous Arab poet, and Hadiqat al Haqiqa by Sanai Ghaznavi, a well-known Iranian counterpart. The main theme of the research is the study of reason in the poetry of the aforementioned poet. In Sanai’s Book of Poetry, reason is sometimes referred to as Persian wisdom and its sacredness while it is often considered as common sense or covers religious and theological meaning. This research tries to cover the concept of reason by its all significations. The findings reveal that there are more than twenty common concepts regarding the reason. Also, the poets have different views when the reason is the concept against of religion and wisdom is found in doubting. It is worth mentioning that Abu al-'Ala mostly uses reason in the terms of worldly intellect, but Sanai speaks highly of reason in the sense of religious and theological wisdom and a motive for understanding truths and spiritual life.

Khyaam as a poet and thinker, in his philosophical quatrains looks pessimistic at all aspects of life. He often proposes the issue of death and destruction and uses various metaphors, he want to depict anxiety, fear and the uncontrollability about unpleasant events. Today, psychologists believe that there are different causes for pessimism and one of the most important is explanatory style. Explanatory style is a psychological attribute that indicates how people explain to themselves why they experience a particular event, either positive or negativeand based on these people can have a pessimistic or optimistic explanation style. The aim present study investigate the pessimistic explanation‎ style‎ in‎ the‎ Khyaam‎ ‘quatrains,‎ as‎ a‎ poet,‎ philosopher‎ and‎ scientist who lived in the fifth century. The research design is descriptivelibrary in that it uses books and articles related to topics such as Khayyam, attributional theory and pessimistic explanatory style.The main question of the present study is which explanation style did Khayyam use in the face of life events? The findings of the present study show that Omar Khayyam has a pessimistic view for life events and he explain pleasant events pessimistically Therefore, since the pessimistic explanatory style leads to negative emotional reactions, so you can feel depression, anxiety, sadness, despair, anger, despair and isolation in Khayyam's quatrains.

Amir Khosrow Dehlavi ( ) is one of the famous Persian mystics and poets of India, who dated his Masnavi dolerani and Khazr Khan in to imitate the military khams. The content and content of Dolarani's and Khadrokhan's rich poem about the failed love and failed marriage of Khadrokhan's son Aladdin with Daulani's daughter Amir Gujarat. This romantic Masnavi, also called Ashqiyah, is also famous. Robert J. Sternberg (b. ), an American cognitive professor in , presented a theory of love in the sense that love is intertwined with the creation of man and his continued survival that man needs to improve his quality of life. There is love and manifestation of its transcendent sparkles. Love is a motivational phenomenon that protects people from the difficulties of the day when difficulties arise. The present article seeks to answer which of the three types of love outlined in the Sternberg's Trilogy of Love triangle in the Dolorian and Khazrikhan Amir Khosu Dehlavi's poems. The results of the study show that Amir Khosrow's love is the perfection of love.

In this essay, the mystical song in songwriting is examined, the oldest Persian poetry has been found among the songs. The song is a general term used to refer to various types of poetry melodies or music accompanying, in particular Fahlaviyat, couplet, quatrain, and folkloric song. Happy song is one of the most profound thought that could be expressed itself in our song. First, we define the song and its characteristics and its course in the past and today, and then we will focus on the characteristics of the rhythm and language of the happy songs. The results show that within the happy context, has formed a significant part of the songs. These songs are divided into wedding songs, joy songs, percussion songs and spiritual songs. The language of these songs is simple and folk, and the music has been made mostly based on the words of these songwriting.

Cultural semiotics is one of the types of the semiotics of new criticism with which the hidden layers of Shams Ghazals can be explored. Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, also known as Molavi, has expressed his mystical thoughts in Ghazals elegantly and with great capacity. Explaining astronomical myths is one of the most important codes in cultural semiotics. In this article, the descriptive-analytical method and content analysis method were used to study and analyze astronomical myths in the first seventy Ghazals of Shams. The results showed that Shams Ghazals are the manifestation of astronomical myths‎that‎ have‎influenced‎Moulavi’s‎ subconscious.‎Also,‎it‎was‎ found‎that‎ this mystic poet has used these astronomical myths and beliefs to explain his intellectual and mystical patterns. The ancient beliefs and myths have long considered the astronomy and astronomical phenomena to be influential in their destiny. Accordingly, in the present study, astronomical myths in Shams Ghazals were investigated.